In CHF,the impaired contractile function of the heart is exacerbated by compensatory increase in preload and afterload
Preload
the volume of blood that fills the ventricle during diastole
elevated preload causes overfilling of the heart which increases the work load
Afterload
the pressure that must overcome for the heart to pump blood into the arterial system
elevated afterload cause the heart to work harder to pump
blood into the arterial system
Vasodilators are useful in reducing excessive preload and afterload as follow
dilation of veinous blood vessels increases the venous capacitance by which a decrease in preload occurs
arterial dilators reduce systemic arteriolar resistance by which a decrease in afterload occurs
Classes of vasodilators
A- Angiotensin convertizing enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
ex : captopril - lisinopril - enalapril
Adverse effects
postural hypotension
renal insuffeciency
persistant dry cough
should not be used in pregnant women
B - Direct smooth muscle relaxants
ex: hydrazaline - isosorbide - sodium nitroprusside
III - Diuretics
ex : bumetanide - furosemide - hydrochlorothiazide
relieve pulmonary congestion and peripheral edema
useful in reducing the symptoms of volume overload
Thiazide diuretics are relatively mild diuretics and lose efficacy if patient creatinine clearance is less than 50 ml/min
Loop diuretics are used in patients with renal insuffiency
Overdoses of loop diuretics can lead to profound hypovolemia
IV- Inotropic agents
positive inotropic agents enhance cardiac muscle contractility
and increase cardiac output
although these drugs act by different mechanisms ,in each case the inotropic action is the result of an increased cytoplasmic calcium concentration that enhances the contractility of the cardiac muscle
A-Cardiac glycosides(Digitalis)=digoxin &digitoxin
digoxin(lanoxin) is the most widely used agent
Therapeutic uses
digoxin is indicated in patients with severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction after initiation of diuretic and vasodilation therapy
not indicated in patient with diastolic or right sided heart failure
patients with mild to moderate heart failure will often respond to treatment with ACE inhibitors and diuretics and do not require digoxin
N.B. The digitalis glycosides show only a small difference between a therapeutically effective dose and doses that are toxic or even fatal i.e. have low therapeutic index
Factors predisposing to digitalis toxicity
a) Electrolytic disturbances
hypokalemia can preciptate serious arrythmia
reduction of serum K levels is most frequently observed in patients receiving thiazide or loop diuretics
hypokalemia can be usually prevented by use of a K sparing diuretics or supplementation with potassium chloride
hypercalcemia and hypomagnesemia also predispose to digitalis toxicity
b)Drugs
Quinidine : can cause digitalis toxicity by
displacing digitalis from plasma protein binding sites
competing with digitalis for renal excretion
Verpamil(isoptin) : displace digitalis from( PPBS) and can increase digoxin levels by 50 to 75% which may require a reduction in the dose of digoxin
c)Others
potassium depleting diuretics
corticosteroids
hypothyrodism
hypoxia
renal failure
myocarditis
B- B adrenergic agonists
ex : dobutamine
improves cardiac performance by both
positive inotropic effects
vasodilation
must be given by I.V. infusion and is primarily used in the
treatment of acute heart failure in hospital setting
C- Phosphodiesterase inhibitors : not used clinically
Preload
the volume of blood that fills the ventricle during diastole
elevated preload causes overfilling of the heart which increases the work load
Afterload
the pressure that must overcome for the heart to pump blood into the arterial system
elevated afterload cause the heart to work harder to pump
blood into the arterial system
Vasodilators are useful in reducing excessive preload and afterload as follow
dilation of veinous blood vessels increases the venous capacitance by which a decrease in preload occurs
arterial dilators reduce systemic arteriolar resistance by which a decrease in afterload occurs
Classes of vasodilators
A- Angiotensin convertizing enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
ex : captopril - lisinopril - enalapril
Adverse effects
postural hypotension
renal insuffeciency
persistant dry cough
should not be used in pregnant women
B - Direct smooth muscle relaxants
ex: hydrazaline - isosorbide - sodium nitroprusside
III - Diuretics
ex : bumetanide - furosemide - hydrochlorothiazide
relieve pulmonary congestion and peripheral edema
useful in reducing the symptoms of volume overload
Thiazide diuretics are relatively mild diuretics and lose efficacy if patient creatinine clearance is less than 50 ml/min
Loop diuretics are used in patients with renal insuffiency
Overdoses of loop diuretics can lead to profound hypovolemia
IV- Inotropic agents
positive inotropic agents enhance cardiac muscle contractility
and increase cardiac output
although these drugs act by different mechanisms ,in each case the inotropic action is the result of an increased cytoplasmic calcium concentration that enhances the contractility of the cardiac muscle
A-Cardiac glycosides(Digitalis)=digoxin &digitoxin
digoxin(lanoxin) is the most widely used agent
Therapeutic uses
digoxin is indicated in patients with severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction after initiation of diuretic and vasodilation therapy
not indicated in patient with diastolic or right sided heart failure
patients with mild to moderate heart failure will often respond to treatment with ACE inhibitors and diuretics and do not require digoxin
N.B. The digitalis glycosides show only a small difference between a therapeutically effective dose and doses that are toxic or even fatal i.e. have low therapeutic index
Factors predisposing to digitalis toxicity
a) Electrolytic disturbances
hypokalemia can preciptate serious arrythmia
reduction of serum K levels is most frequently observed in patients receiving thiazide or loop diuretics
hypokalemia can be usually prevented by use of a K sparing diuretics or supplementation with potassium chloride
hypercalcemia and hypomagnesemia also predispose to digitalis toxicity
b)Drugs
Quinidine : can cause digitalis toxicity by
displacing digitalis from plasma protein binding sites
competing with digitalis for renal excretion
Verpamil(isoptin) : displace digitalis from( PPBS) and can increase digoxin levels by 50 to 75% which may require a reduction in the dose of digoxin
c)Others
potassium depleting diuretics
corticosteroids
hypothyrodism
hypoxia
renal failure
myocarditis
B- B adrenergic agonists
ex : dobutamine
improves cardiac performance by both
positive inotropic effects
vasodilation
must be given by I.V. infusion and is primarily used in the
treatment of acute heart failure in hospital setting
C- Phosphodiesterase inhibitors : not used clinically
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